Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of septic arthritis of the hip, 2006 to 2012, a seven-year review

OBJECTIVE: To epidemiologically characterize the population treated at our orthopedic clinic with a diagnosis of septic arthritic of the hip between 2006 and 2012. METHODS: Fifteen patients diagnosed with septic arthritis of the hip between 2006 and 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients' clinical and epidemiological characteristics were surveyed; a sensitivity profile relating to the microorganisms that caused the infections and the complications relating to the patients' treatment and evolution were identified. RESULTS: Septic arthritis was more common among males. Most diagnoses were made through positive synovial fluid cultures, after joint drainage was performed using the Smith-Petersen route. Among the comorbidities found, the most prevalent were systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The pathological joint conditions diagnosed prior to joint infection were osteoarthrosis and developmental dysplasia of the hip. The infectious agent most frequently isolated was Staphylococcus aureus. From the clinical and laboratory data investigated, 53.33% of the cases presented with fever, and all except one patient presented with increased measures in inflammation tests. Gram staining was positive in only 26.66% of the synovial fluid samples analyzed. Six patients presented with joint complications after treatment was administered. CONCLUSION: S. aureus is the most common pathogen in acute infections of the hip in our setting. Factors such as clinical comorbidities are associated with septic arthritis of the hip. Because of the relatively small number of patients, given that this is a condition of low prevalence, there was no statistically significant correlation in relation to worse prognosis for the disease. .

Epidemiology of septic arthritis of the knee at Hospital das Clinicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Background: Septic arthritis is an infrequent disease although very important due to the possibility of disastrous outcomes if treatment is not adequately established. Adequate information concerning the epidemiology of septic arthritis is still lacking due to the uncommon nature of the disease as well as the struggle to establish a correct case-definition. Objective: To epidemiologically characterize the population seen at Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo with a diagnosis of septic arthritis between 2006 and 2011. Methods: Sixty-one patients diagnosed with septic arthritis of the knee between 2006 and 2011 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients' clinical and epidemiological characteristics, the microorganisms that caused the infection and the patients' treatment and evolution were analyzed. Results: Septic arthritis of the knee was more common among men, with distribution across a variety of age ranges. Most diagnoses were made through positive synovial fluid cultures. The most prevalent clinical comorbidities were systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and the most commonly reported joint disease was osteoarthritis. Staphylococcus aureus was the prevailing pathogen. Fever was present in 36% of the cases. All patients presented elevation in inflammatory tests. Gram staining was positive in only 50.8% of the synovial fluid samples analyzed. Six patients presented complications and unfavorable evolution of their condition. Conclusion: S. aureus is still the most common pathogen in acute knee infections in our environment. Gram staining, absence of fever and normal leukocyte count cannot be used to rule out septic arthritis. .

Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Kingella kingae and Staphylococcus aureus from Synovial Fluid in Suspected Septic Arthritis

Direct plating of synovial fluid (SF) on agar-based media often fails to identify pathogens in septic arthritis (SA). We developed a PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Kingella kingae and Staphylococcus aureus from SF to evaluate molecular detection in SF and to estimate the incidence of K. kingae in SA in North America. The assay was based on detection of the cpn60 gene of K. kingae and the spa gene of S. aureus in multiplex real-time PCR. K. kingae was identified in 50% of patients between 0 and 5 yr of age (n=6) but not in any patients >18 yr old (n=105). Direct plating of SF on agar-based media failed to detect K. kingae in all samples. The PCR assay was inferior to the culture-based method for S. aureus, detecting only 50% of culture-positive cases. Our findings suggest that K. kingae is a common pathogen in pediatric SA in North America, in agreement with previous reports from Europe. PCR-based assays for the detection of K. kingae may be considered in children with SA, especially in those with a high degree of clinical suspicion.

Tuberculous synovitis in a HIV positive patient.

Tuberculosis of the appendicular skeleton is an uncommon infection by tubercle bacilli. Thirty percent of the skeletal tuberculosis involves joints, the knee being the third most common joint affected. We report a case of tubercular synovitis of the knee joint in a 30-year-old HIV seropositive male. The diagnosis was done by Ziehl-Neelsen stain and culture on Lowenstein Jensen medium, of the synovial fluid along with the X-ray findings of the knee joint. The X-ray of the chest showed findings suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient was responding well to the antitubercular treatment at the last follow up.

Septic arthritis: An update

Septic arthritis is a form of infective arthritis caused by bacteria, the main risk factors are preexisting arthritis and immunosupressed state. It is a medical emergency that requires a high index of suspicion. Proper management including, synovial fluid examination, prompt initiation of antibacterial treatment and joint decompression are vital in improving outcome. In the present article, the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, microbiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, preventive measures and outcome of acute septic arthritis will be reviewed

Detection of M. tuberculosis in clinical samples of diversified nature by IS6110 based PCR.

Performance of the polymerase chain reaction technique based on IS6110 sequence was evaluated in clinical samples obtained from pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases of tuberculosis. One hundred and seventy two samples were processed for detection of M. tuberculosis by ZN stained smear examination, LJ medium culture, BACTEC radiometric culture and PCR tests amplifying 123bp region of IS6110 sequence. A significant difference was seen in the sensitivities of different tests, the figures being 83% for PCR test, 35.2% for smear examination, 47.16% for LJ culture and 53.45% for BACTEC culture (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found as far as specificity was concerned. PCR test sensitivity in. pulmonary and extrapulmonary clinical samples were 90.14% and 77.27% respectively and found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared with those of other tests. The mean detection time for M. tuberculosis was 24.03 days by LJ medium culture, 12.89 days by BACTEC culture and less than one day by PCR test. PCR based on IS6100 sequence is highly sensitive method for the early diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Aislamiento de distintos serotipos de Haemophilus influenzae en muestras profundas de pacientes pediátricos / Isolation of Haemophilus influenzae serotypes from sterile sites in sick children

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) es responsable de diversas enfermedades humanas como sepsis, meningitis, celulitis y osteoartritis. En este trabajo se investigó la recuperación de distintos serotipos de Hi en muestras profundas de pacientes pediátricos. Se estudiaron 179 aislamientos de 146 niños durante el periodo 1996-2002 en el Laboratorio de Microbiología del Hospital de Niños Superiora Sor María Ludovica, Argentina. La distribución de los serotipos fue la siguiente: 1 a, 112 b, 1 c,1 d, 4 e, 3 f y 24 no tipificables. A partir del establecimiento de la estrategia de vacunación universal anti Hi b en 1998 se observa una disminución notable del serotipo b y un aumento relativo de otros y no tipificables.

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is the causative agent of several human diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, celulitis, and osteoarthritis. We investigated the isolation of Hi serotypes from sterile sites in sick children. One hundred and seventy nine strains from 146 patients were studied, period 1996-2002, at the Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital de Niños Superiora Sor María Ludovica, Argentina. The serotype distribution was:1 a, 112 b,1 c,1 d, 4 e, 3 f y 24 no typable. Since the beginning of universal Hi b vaccination in 1998, we have observed the fast decrease of serotype b and a relative increase of other serotypes.

Coloración de Gram de muestras tomadas por punción: ¿sigue siendo útil? / Gram's stain in needle aspiration specimens. is it yet useful?

Para contribuir a aclarar la frecuente discusión con respecto a la utilidad de la coloración de Gram en el diagnóstico preliminar de un proceso infeccioso, se determinó su utilidad, estudiando 455 muestras tomadas por punción. Se efectuó coloración de Gram, examen microscópico en fresco y cultivo semicuantitativo de 287 muestras provenientes de piel y partes blandas: (celulitis y pie diabético, líquidos abdominales, líquidos sinoviales, heridas quirúrgicas y bilis) y de 168 sitios estériles (LCR, líquido pleural, líquidos ascíticos). La sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) fueron: 43,1 por ciento, 97,2 por ciento, 90,4 por ciento y 73,6 por ciento respectivamente para el primer grupo y de 45,5 por ciento, 99,4 por ciento, 83,3 por ciento y 96,3 por ciento respectivamente para el segundo. En las muestras en las que no se observaron microorganismos en la coloración de Gram, en su mayoría se obtuvo desarrollo sólo en medio líquido. Al considerar estos aislamientos como no significativos, la sensibilidad de la coloración de Gram aumentó a 51,7 por ciento para el primer grupo y 66,7 por ciento para el segundo. El grado de concordancia entre la observación de microorganismos en la coloración de Gram y el cultivo fue del 92,2 por ciento. A pesar de su baja S, por su aceptable E, VPP y VPN, bajo costo y rapidez, la coloración de Gram de muestras tomadas por punción constituye un importante aporte para predecir infección y orientar a un adecuado y temprano tratamiento antimicrobiano

Clinical features of septic arthritis of sternoclavicular joint.

We studied 21 patients with septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint at Chulalongkorn University Hospital between January 1987 and January 1997. There were 15 males (71.4%) and 6 females (28.6%). The mean age was 47.4 years with a range of 16 to 69. More than half of the patients (57.1%) were aged more than 50 years and most had associated diseases including diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis. Almost all of the younger age group had a history of intravenous drug abuse. All of the patients had fever and sternoclavicular joint pain. Most of the patients (66.7%) had monoarticular arthritis, whereas, the others had oligoarticular arthritis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly or identified organism in the patients. Retrosternal abscess was seen by computerized tomography in 6 patients (28.6%). All patients received parenteral antibiotics, and 5 patients (23.8%) required surgical drainage of a retrosternal abscess. Eighteen patients recovered but there were 3 (14.3%) deaths. All of these had retrosternal abscesses. The major cause of death was septic shock. Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint is an uncommon disease in Thai clinical practice. Although uncommon, retrosternal abscess is a life threatening complication.

Rendimiento del estudio microbiológico en el diagnóstico de la infección osteoarticular / Yield of microbiological study in the osteoarticular infection diagnosis

La infección osteoarticular (IOA) es una patología grave y secuelante, en la que el diagnóstico precoz cambia el curso de la enfermedad. El rendimiento del estudio microbiológico es variable (60-90 porciento) y depende de la localización de la infección, el tipo de muestra y los métodos microbiológicos utilizados. El objetivo de este estudio fue mejorar la confirmación bacteriológica mediante una solicitud ampliada de cultivos y de nuevas estrategias para el transporte e inoculación de las muestras. Se estudiaron los pacientes con sospecha de IAO mediante tinción de gram directa y cultivos aeróbico, en medio de thayer martin, anaeróbico, para hongos, micobacterias y hemocultivos. Todas las muestras de líquido sinovial se inocularon en tubos microbiológicos (becton dickinson) y las muestras de tejido obtenidas por punción bajo tomografía axial computada (tac) fueron innoculadas en botellas de hemocultivos (bact/aler@, organon teknica). Se estudiaron 86 pacientes de los cuales 51 correspondían al ioa. El rendimiento microbiológico global fue de 86 porciento, siendo más alto en osteomielitis aguda e infección de prótesis que en artritis séptica (88, 100 y 82 porciento respectivamente). Staphylococcus aureus fue el patógeno más prevalente, independiente del tipo de ioa, seguido de streptococcus pyogenes y streptococcus pneumoniae. La tinción de gram directa tuvo una sensibilidad de 57 porciento y en 5 pacientes cuyos cultivos fueron negativos, fue positiva. Los hemocultivos fueron positivos como método único en 6 pacientes. La sensibilidad del cultivo de tejido obtenido por punción bajo tac en botella de hemocultivo fue de 90 porciento. La posibilidad del cultivo de muestra de tejido óseo o sinovial fue mejor que la de líquido articular (92 versus 69 porciento) y la confirmación microbiológica global fue mejor en adultos que en niños (94 y 72 porciento respectivamente). Se concluye que la implementación de tubos microbiológicos y la inoculación directa en la botella de hemocultivo son métodos útiles para la recuperación bacteriana. La muestra de tejido debe ser recomendada antes que la de líquido articular y la tinción de gram y el hemocultivo deben ser considerados como métodos de gran aporte en la confirmación microbiológica de las IOA

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus isolated from blood and synovial fluid

Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus is a rare human pathogen, but can cause serious extraintestinal infections. Effective antimicrobial agent is required for the therapy, but we have very limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the organism. In this study, the susceptibility of 25 isolates of the organism to 14 antimicrobial agents was tested by an agar dilution method. Antimicrobial agents with low MIC ranges, in micrograms/ml, were: meropenem Y or = 0.25, dirithromycin or = 1, amikacin, ofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin < or = 2. The MIC range of cefepime was 0.5-8 micrograms/ml, but those of other beta-lactams were relatively high. All of the isolates were interpreted to be susceptible to cefepime, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, ofloxacin, tetracycline and dirithromycin. A significant proportion of the isolates were either intermediate or resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, cefotaxime, aztreonam, loracarbef and erythromycin. In conclusion, the organism remains susceptible to aminoglycosides and tetracycline. Greater in vitro activity of meropenem, ofloxacin and dirithromycin require clinical evaluation.

Clinical study of culture-proven cases of non-gonococcal arthritis.

Between 1976 and 1988, 101 cases of culture-proven non-gonococcal arthritis seen at the Medical Service of Chulalongkorn Hospital were studied. Seventy-three cases (72.3% of the total) were diagnosed by positive synovial fluid culture; the remainder (27.7%), by positive hemoculture only. Males (55.4%) were more commonly affected than females (44.6%). In patients with Gram-positive coccal infection, age distribution was equal; however, in cases of Gram-negative bacillary infection younger patients were more frequently affected. Gram-positive cocci (85.1%), particularly Staphylococcus aureus (47.5%), was the most common infective agent, followed in frequency by beta hemolytic streptococcal infection (28.7%) and Gram-negative bacillary infection (13.9%). Among the former (serologically grouped), group A streptococci (7.9%) comprised the most common agent followed by group G (4.9%), B (2.0%) and F (2.0%). There was no difference in the incidence of causative micro-organisms between the 70 cases seen during the period 1976 to 1985 and the 31 cases seen from 1986 to 1988. Although Enterbacter (4.9%) was the most common causes of Gram-negative bacillary infection, Pseudomonas pseudomalei, Samonella A and Samonella B were the only infective agents found during the period 1986 to 1988. Acute onset of disease (93.1%) and monoarticular arthritis (73.3%) were the main manifestations. The most commonly affected joints were the knee (52.5%), ankle (16.8%), elbow (10.9%), wrist (9.9%), hip (8.9%) and shoulder (7.9%). Fever and leukocytosis were commonly observed with positive hemoculture (56.4%). The presence of foci of infection was evident in 50.5 per cent of patients. The skin was the main source of Gram-positive cocci; the urinary tract, for Gram-negative bacilli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Artrite infecciosa piogênica / Pyogenic infectious arthritis

Os autores estudaram 28 pacientes portadores de artrite infecciosa piogênica. A raça branca foi a mais afetada e näo houve diferença quanto ao sexo. O comprometimento articular foi principalmente do tipo monoarticular (67,8%) e a junta mais acometida foi o joelho (39,7%). A porta de entrada evidenciada com maior freqüência foi a pele e a principal bactéria isolada no líquido sinovial foi o Staphylococcus aureus. A sinovioanálise mostrou aspecto purulento, com leucócitos variando entre 20 mil e 50 mil e com predomínio de polimorfonucleares. A glicose apresentou-se acentuadamente baixa e a proteína com ligeira elevaçäo. A antibioticoterapia deve ser realizada com penicilina cristalina em doses de 15 a 20 milhoes de UI por via parenteral, durante 2 semanas, associada ou näo a penicilina sintética ou a aminoglicosídeo

Estudo clínico e terapêutico de 13 casos de artrite gonocócica / Clinical and therapeutic study of 13 cases of gonococcal arthritis

A propósito de 13 casos de artrite gonocócica registrados entre janeiro de 1979 e dezembro de 1984, os autores fazem análise das principais manifestaçöes clínicas e consideraçöes de ordem diagnóstica e terapêutica. Comparam os dados encontrados com os da literatura e chamam a atençäo para a importância do diagnóstico precoce, uma vez que a incidência de doenças venéreas e suas complicaçöes, segundo dados da OMS, apresentou aumento estatístico nas últimas décadas

Artritis séptica: estudio de 40 casos / Septic arthritis: a study of 40 cases

Estudio retrospectivo realizado en la Unidad de Pediatría del Hospital General de México, SSA, de 1979 a 1984, de pacientes ingresados con el diagnóstico de artritis séptica. Se estudiaron 40 casos entre los que predominaron los menores de dos años de edad; el límite de edad fue de 23 días a 15 años y el tiempo de evolución previo al diagnóstico varió de dos a 365 días. Los gérmenes indentificados en el cultivo del líquido sinovial fueron: S. aureus, Micrococus sp, E, coli, Klebisiella, Salmonella y Pseudomonas. El tratamiento antimicrobiano y quirúrgico simultáneo es el que ofrece menores posibilidades de complicaciones y/o secuelas